Linux / Linux Basics
Linux Basics

Linux Basics

A practical introduction to the Linux command line, file system, user management, permissions, and essential tools for working in hybrid cloud environments.
Command Line File System Permissions Users & Groups Package Management Processes

Articles

01

Linux: The OS That Runs the World

An introduction to Linux – what it is, why it matters, and how it powers servers, cloud platforms, and devices worldwide.
02

Linux & Proxmox Fundamentals: Shell Prompts, Commands, and /etc

Shell prompts, essential commands, and the /etc directory – foundational knowledge for working with Linux and Proxmox environments.
03

Navigating the file system

pwd, ls, cd, find, tree – understanding the Linux directory hierarchy.
04

File and directory operations

cp, mv, rm, mkdir, touch, ln – creating, moving, and managing files.
05

Users and groups

useradd, usermod, passwd, groupadd – managing identities on Linux.
06

File permissions and ownership

chmod, chown, chgrp, umask, and understanding rwx permission bits.
07

Package management

apt, yum/dnf, snap – installing, updating and removing software.
08

Processes and services

ps, top, htop, kill, systemctl – monitoring and managing running processes.

Essential command reference

Navigation and files
# Print working directory
pwd

# List files with details
ls -lah

# Change directory
cd /etc/nginx

# Create a directory
mkdir -p /opt/myapp/logs

# Find files by name
find /var/log -name "*.log" -mtime -7
Permissions and ownership
# Make a script executable
chmod +x deploy.sh

# Set owner and group
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html

# View permissions
ls -l /etc/passwd

# Add user to group
usermod -aG sudo username
Services and processes
# Check service status
systemctl status nginx

# Start, stop, restart
systemctl start nginx
systemctl restart nginx

# Enable on boot
systemctl enable nginx

# View running processes
ps aux | grep nginx